Cornify Abby Toir - Red China The Chinese Civil War began in 1927 but...

Abby Toir

so say we all
Sun Mar 27
Red China The Chinese Civil War began in 1927 but the war during the last 3 years (1947 - 1949) is known as the War of Liberation When the last Chinese dynasty (Qing) collapsed the country was left in control of warlords and two political parties: the Koumingtang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party of China (CPC) The leader of the KMT Sun Yat-Sen asked for help from western countries to help unify China and defeat warlords in control but was ignored.  The Soviet Union came to their aid but also equally supported the CPC Chiang Kai-Shek was sent to Moscow to study in 1923 and become Sun’s successor for the head of the KMT when he died in 1925. The KMT allowed communist members to join until a thwarted kidnapping against Chiang know as the Zhongshan Warship Incident.  At this point the party had split into left and right wing factions. On April 12th Chiang purged the KMT of CPC members with arrests and execution.  This is know as the April 12th Incident or Shanghai Massacre by the CPC. Mao Zedong led an unsuccessful uprising of CPC members, peasants and miners in the Hunan province known as the Autumn Harvest Uprising The country was split into three capitals:  The internationally recognized republic in Bejing, the CPC and left wing KMT at Wuhan and the right wing KMT at Nanjing. The KMT captured Bejing in 1928 and the left wing KMT at Wuhan expelled the CPC but were then toppled by Chiang so the KMT government at Nanjing became the official government for the next decade. CPC retreated underground and to the countryside and staged revolts over the next decade beginning with the Nanchang uprising. In 1930 Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan and Wang Jingwei led an internal war of the KMT against Chiang, known as the Central Plains War Five campaigns were launched by the KMT to get rid of CPC pockets.  The first and second failed, the third was interrupted by the Murkden incident, the fourth was successful early on but Chiang lost troops when he got closer to the center of Mao’s Soviet Chinese Republic The fifth campaign systematically encircled Jiangxi Soviet region with blockhouses.  Many of these were manned by the men of a warlord ally of Chiang.  The CPC were able to escape through gaps in the blockhouses and the warlord’s men did not put forth much effort to stop them.  Chiang’s army was busy fighting the CPC forces of Zhang Guatao. The CPC retreat from Jiangxi to Shaanxi was approximately 7,800 miles and is known as the long march.  90,000 to 100,000 started the march and approximately 7 to 8,000 arrived.  Zhang’s forces joined Mao’s but were so few in numbers Mao became the leader of the CPC The civil war was paused when the Japanese launched the second Sino-Chinese War.  Chiang refused to ally with the CPC until he was kidnapped by two of his generals. The alliance was in name only and clashes still occurred between the KMT and CPC.  The CPC also gained popularity in areas that had been controlled by Japan After the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, part of Japan’s unconditional surrender to the US was to surrender to the KMT government.  Both Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Zedong attended post war peace negotiations.  In the last moth of WWII the Soviet Union launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation to attack the Japanese.  Chiang was concerned the CPC would take over the region when the Soviets withdrew so he made a deal with the Soviets to slowly go back.  The US then airlifted KMT troops into the area while the Soviets slowly dismantled their 2 billion dollar military base and shipped it back to the USSR. The Soviet army was instructed to delay moving forces out of Manchuria until the CPC had moved in because Stalin wanted Mao in control.  The CPC grew to 1.2 million troops and 2 million militia and gained popularity by promising farmers they would take the land from their landlords.  During the Huaihai campaign they mobilized 5,430,000 peasants to fight the KMT After Japan’s surrender the authoritative capitalist group in the KMT seized control of the banks, factories and commercial property that the Japanese had occupied.  The KMT gained troops and collected supplies and prepared for the war against the CPC as the unemployment rate rose.  The US supported the KMT by airlifting troops, sending 50,000 Marines as guards, 100,000 troops to Shandong, equipped and trained over 500,000 KMT, assisted and loaned hundreds of millions of dollars in military equipment and gave the KMT 4.3 billion dollars, most of which was military aid. The truce from the second Sino-Japanese war broke on June 26th 1946 and full scale civil war broke out between the KMT and CPC when  Chiang launched an assault against the CPC with 1.6 million troops. The CPC used a passive defense tactic, preserving their troops by abandoned land and wearing out the KMT.  They were able to wipe out 1.2 million KMT troops in a year as their numbers grew to 2 million March 1947 the KMT captured the CPC capital of Yan’an but the CPC counter attacked and seized control of Shenyang and Changchun.  The KMT surrendered Changchun after the CPC’s 6 month seige that resulted on over 150,000 civilian deaths from starvation The CPC acquired more tanks and weapons from the capture of KMT areas and went on to capture Luoyang, Jhinan and Shandong province on September 4th, 1948 After the three decisive Liaoshen, Huaihai and Pingjin campaigns, the CPC wiped out 144 regular and 29 non-regular KMT divisions, including 1.54 million veteran KMT troops. This effectively smashed the backbone of the KMT army. On April 23rd the CPC captured the KMT capital of Nanjing.  Most of the surrounding towns were already under communist influence. The KMT retreated for Nanjing to Canton (Guangzhou) to Chongqing to Chengdu to Taipei on December 10th October 1st, 1949 Mao Zedong proclaimed the People’s Republic of China with it’s capital at Beiping (renamed Beijing).  Chiang Kai-Shek and 2 million Nationalist Chinese retreated from mainland China to the island of Taiwan On December 1949 Chiang declared Taipei, Taiwan the temporary capital of the Republic of China and continued to assert his government was the sole legitimate authority in China. To this day, since no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed, there is controversy as to whether the Civil War has legally ended.   Today, the entities on the two sides of the Taiwan straight have close economic ties

Red China

  • The Chinese Civil War began in 1927 but the war during the last 3 years (1947 - 1949) is known as the War of Liberation
  • When the last Chinese dynasty (Qing) collapsed the country was left in control of warlords and two political parties: the Koumingtang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party of China (CPC)
  • The leader of the KMT Sun Yat-Sen asked for help from western countries to help unify China and defeat warlords in control but was ignored.  The Soviet Union came to their aid but also equally supported the CPC
  • Chiang Kai-Shek was sent to Moscow to study in 1923 and become Sun’s successor for the head of the KMT when he died in 1925.
  • The KMT allowed communist members to join until a thwarted kidnapping against Chiang know as the Zhongshan Warship Incident.  At this point the party had split into left and right wing factions.
  • On April 12th Chiang purged the KMT of CPC members with arrests and execution.  This is know as the April 12th Incident or Shanghai Massacre by the CPC.
  • Mao Zedong led an unsuccessful uprising of CPC members, peasants and miners in the Hunan province known as the Autumn Harvest Uprising
  • The country was split into three capitals:  The internationally recognized republic in Bejing, the CPC and left wing KMT at Wuhan and the right wing KMT at Nanjing.
  • The KMT captured Bejing in 1928 and the left wing KMT at Wuhan expelled the CPC but were then toppled by Chiang so the KMT government at Nanjing became the official government for the next decade.
  • CPC retreated underground and to the countryside and staged revolts over the next decade beginning with the Nanchang uprising.
  • In 1930 Feng Yuxiang, Yan Xishan and Wang Jingwei led an internal war of the KMT against Chiang, known as the Central Plains War
  • Five campaigns were launched by the KMT to get rid of CPC pockets.  The first and second failed, the third was interrupted by the Murkden incident, the fourth was successful early on but Chiang lost troops when he got closer to the center of Mao’s Soviet Chinese Republic
  • The fifth campaign systematically encircled Jiangxi Soviet region with blockhouses.  Many of these were manned by the men of a warlord ally of Chiang.  The CPC were able to escape through gaps in the blockhouses and the warlord’s men did not put forth much effort to stop them.  Chiang’s army was busy fighting the CPC forces of Zhang Guatao.
  • The CPC retreat from Jiangxi to Shaanxi was approximately 7,800 miles and is known as the long march.  90,000 to 100,000 started the march and approximately 7 to 8,000 arrived.  Zhang’s forces joined Mao’s but were so few in numbers Mao became the leader of the CPC
  • The civil war was paused when the Japanese launched the second Sino-Chinese War.  Chiang refused to ally with the CPC until he was kidnapped by two of his generals. The alliance was in name only and clashes still occurred between the KMT and CPC.  The CPC also gained popularity in areas that had been controlled by Japan
  • After the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, part of Japan’s unconditional surrender to the US was to surrender to the KMT government.  Both Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Zedong attended post war peace negotiations. 
  • In the last moth of WWII the Soviet Union launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation to attack the Japanese.  Chiang was concerned the CPC would take over the region when the Soviets withdrew so he made a deal with the Soviets to slowly go back.  The US then airlifted KMT troops into the area while the Soviets slowly dismantled their 2 billion dollar military base and shipped it back to the USSR.
  • The Soviet army was instructed to delay moving forces out of Manchuria until the CPC had moved in because Stalin wanted Mao in control.  The CPC grew to 1.2 million troops and 2 million militia and gained popularity by promising farmers they would take the land from their landlords.  During the Huaihai campaign they mobilized 5,430,000 peasants to fight the KMT
  • After Japan’s surrender the authoritative capitalist group in the KMT seized control of the banks, factories and commercial property that the Japanese had occupied.  The KMT gained troops and collected supplies and prepared for the war against the CPC as the unemployment rate rose. 
  • The US supported the KMT by airlifting troops, sending 50,000 Marines as guards, 100,000 troops to Shandong, equipped and trained over 500,000 KMT, assisted and loaned hundreds of millions of dollars in military equipment and gave the KMT 4.3 billion dollars, most of which was military aid.
  • The truce from the second Sino-Japanese war broke on June 26th 1946 and full scale civil war broke out between the KMT and CPC when  Chiang launched an assault against the CPC with 1.6 million troops.
  • The CPC used a passive defense tactic, preserving their troops by abandoned land and wearing out the KMT.  They were able to wipe out 1.2 million KMT troops in a year as their numbers grew to 2 million
  • March 1947 the KMT captured the CPC capital of Yan’an but the CPC counter attacked and seized control of Shenyang and Changchun.  The KMT surrendered Changchun after the CPC’s 6 month seige that resulted on over 150,000 civilian deaths from starvation
  • The CPC acquired more tanks and weapons from the capture of KMT areas and went on to capture Luoyang, Jhinan and Shandong province on September 4th, 1948
  • After the three decisive Liaoshen, Huaihai and Pingjin campaigns, the CPC wiped out 144 regular and 29 non-regular KMT divisions, including 1.54 million veteran KMT troops. This effectively smashed the backbone of the KMT army.
  • On April 23rd the CPC captured the KMT capital of Nanjing.  Most of the surrounding towns were already under communist influence.
  • The KMT retreated for Nanjing to Canton (Guangzhou) to Chongqing to Chengdu to Taipei on December 10th
  • October 1st, 1949 Mao Zedong proclaimed the People’s Republic of China with it’s capital at Beiping (renamed Beijing).  Chiang Kai-Shek and 2 million Nationalist Chinese retreated from mainland China to the island of Taiwan
  • On December 1949 Chiang declared Taipei, Taiwan the temporary capital of the Republic of China and continued to assert his government was the sole legitimate authority in China.
  • To this day, since no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed, there is controversy as to whether the Civil War has legally ended.   Today, the entities on the two sides of the Taiwan straight have close economic ties